Why are ELF/VLF Waves Useful for Engineers and Scientists? ELF/VLF waves are useful scientifically because they largely reflect at the D region of the Earth’s ionosphere (60-90 km altitude), and are thus efficiently guided in the Earth-ionosphere waveguide to global distances. For instance, if you set up a radio receiver just about anywhere on Earth, you can pick up short bits of radiation from lightning strikes literally halfway around the world. These are called radio atmospherics, or sferics. ELF/VLF waves also penetrate into seawater, which has led to their use over the past several decades for communication with submerged submarines at long distances. From a scientific perspective, though, the reflectivity of the D region at these frequencies make ELF/VLF a unique tool for remote sensing of the D region, which responds to a variety of inputs like solar activity, lightning energy, electron precipitation from the radiation belts, cosmic gamma-rays, and earthquakes. Measurements of properties of the D region are extremely difficult, since those altitudes are too high for balloons, yet too low for satellites, so this is a useful ability. Complicating these studies, however, is the fact that the propagation of radio waves in complex media such as the plasma in the Earth’s lower ionosphere is one of the most fundamentally difficult ones in electromagnetism, violating nearly every convenient simplifying assumption like homogeneity, linearity, symmetry, and anisotropy. They might feel casino uneasy in a place without an open slot machine or roulette.
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These transmitter signals are nominally used for communications. The top right panel shows a zoom-in of a transmitter called NWC, in Australia, which is clearly detected at Stanford, and the communication signal can be seen as up and down modulation of the frequency. However, these transmitter signals act as a elf slots casino sister sites diagnostic of the lower ionosphere, since their propagation to long distances is dependent on ionospheric reflection. The bottom right panels shows an example of two of these VLF transmitters tracked at Stanford for a 3-day period. Both the amplitude (top) and phase (bot) of the signal show a clear daily variation, reflecting the drastic changes to the lower ionosphere from daytime to nightime. This is an example of ionospheric remote sensing using VLF transmitter signals. Where Do You Collect ELF/VLF Data? We have receivers all over the world, on all seven continents, for a wide variety of experiments. Colossus Bets - jackpot online.
Because ELF/VLF waves are guided by both the Earth and the ionosphere, you can send signals around the planet. Lightning does this all the time, but we haven’t mastered it yet because to make ELF/VLF waves with an antenna, you need an antenna comparable to a wavelength. Unfortunately, a 3 kHz have has a 100 km wavelength! The Stanford ELF/VLF group is exploring an alternative method of ELF/VLF wave generation, which utilizes the same currents that make the northern lights, to turn the upper atmosphere into a big radiating antenna. Read about our HAARP program work in Alaska. Lightning geolocation. Lightning causes $10B of damage every year (in the USA), kills hundreds worldwide, poses a danger to air traffic, and scares the heck out of you when you’re driving. Understanding the physics of lightning requires advanced simulations. Lightning activity is also expected to go up a lot if global temperature continues to rise. Electric fields associated with lightning and quite difficult to measure, because this would involve putting instruments in the middle of a turbulent thundercloud, so we look at clever ways to remotely sense these fields.
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